No one wakes up and
decides to become addicted to a drug. People experiment for the
"experience" of it, enjoy the effect, and use it again - and again.
The brain demands the drug to function. Even though the effects of the
drug are creating problems in the user's life, people become powerless
to stop using because the brain no longer experiences the pleasures
and good feelings we all need.
When we need a
substance to feel good about ourselves and function, cravings from the
drug become the single biggest motivator in our lives. Breaking the
cycle of addiction is difficult and painful and involves giving the
brain time to restore its natural biochemical processes as best that
it can without the influence of drugs. The brain is responsible for
who we are and everything we do. It functions by a complex series of
biochemical reactions. Drugs that effect how we feel effect the way
the brain works. Is it worth it?
Alcohol
Awareness Web.
Approximately one-half of U.S. adults report a family history of
alcoholism or problem drinking. Nearly 14 million Americans have
alcohol disorders. Talking about alcohol and underage drinking is
important. While many talk about kids and illicit drugs, it is
alcohol that remains the No. 1 drug problem for young people.
Brain Matters Web. What do
you download into your brain? This site sticks to the facts,
presenting the latest research on how substances of abuse affect the
brain.
Brain Matters Links
Here are a
variety of Web resources that address various issues relating to the
brain and substance abuse. Because there is a considerable amount of
"overlap" between the topics and links on each site, they are
presented in alphabetical order.
Trying to organize these links by
categories would tend to obscure much of the information that each
site presents -- especially as this relates to the additional links
and resources each site contains. If you have any additional
resources for this listing, please
contact us.
Academy of
Neurology.
Addiction Recovery Guide.
Addiction Science Research and Education Center, Understanding
Addictions: Basic science information. Site about the
process of addiction as it relates to the brain – good illustrations.
BBC News Health Online.
Bill
Moyers on Addiction Close to Home PBS.
Brain & Mind Magazine. An initiative by the center for
biomedical informatics: An interactive presentation on drug abuse.
Brain Connection. Includes section Neuro in News,
current articles about neuroscience developments.
Brains Rule!
Innovative site designed to teach adults and kids about the brain –
includes games, interactive activities for kids, and lessons and
guides for teachers.
British
Broadcast System, Online Science: The Human Body. Includes
information on how the brain/nervous system works and free online
interactive body educational games.
Canadian Medical Association Journal: The Role of
Neurotransmitters in the Cause and Treatment of Drug Dependence.
Dana Foundation,
Brain Web & Brain Info. Links to variety of brain issues
including addictions.
Drug Addiction is a Brain Disease – and Should be Treated as Such.
Duke
University Medical Center: Substance Use and the Adolescent Brain with
a Focus on Alcohol.
eMedicine: Excerpt from Perinatal Drug Abuse and Neonatal Drug
Withdrawal. Full-text requires FREE registration with the
site.
Explore
the Brain. Interactive site where users click on an
image of a brain and are taken on a journey deeper and deeper inside
its structure.
EnchantedLearning.com: Human Anatomy LABEL ME! Printouts.
Wide range of anatomy drawings, including areas of the brain, for
students to color and label.
Focus
Adolescent Services, Drugs and Teens Substance Abuse.
Grant Me the Serenity:
Self Help, Addiction, and Recovery. Contains a set of links
including how alcohol/alcoholism and drugs/substance abuse affects the
brain.
High School Hub:
A Free, Online Interactive Learning Center. Comprehensive set
of links to support all academic areas including biology of the brain
– some activities require FLASH PLAYER.
Howstuffworks.com: How the Brain Works.
The Human Brain Project
at Caltech: Goal-Directed Magnetic Resonance Brain Micro-Imaging.
Internet Pathology Library: Pathology of Drug Abuse.
KidHealth: The Brain is Boss. Brain basics with
animations – requires Shockwave.
Lundbeck
Institute: Brain Explorer. Easy to use graphic site map with
basic information on how the brain works, glossary, information on
brain disorders, and many images.
Medline Plus: Drug abuse. Comprehensive set of links to
resources for issues regarding alcohol/substance abuse and the brain.
National Families in Action: A Guide to Drugs and the Brain.
National
Institute on Drug Abuse
and National Institutes of Health: Drugs of Abuse and the Brain. Comprehensive site with incredible list of
resources on various issues with the brain.
National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Health: Mind
Over Matter – The Brain’s Response to Drugs. Includes a link
for a free teacher’s guide.
National Institute on Drug
Abuse for Teens: The Science Behind Drug Abuse.
National Institute
on Drug Abuse, Back to School: Science-Based Drug Abuse Education –
Resources for Students and Educators. Free-online curricula
and supporting materials for teachers and students. Free hard-copies
of this information can also be ordered.
National Institute on Drug
Abuse: Keep Your Body Healthy – Keep Your Brain Healthy.
National
Institute on Drug Abuse: Preventing Drug Abuse Among Children
and Adolescent: A Research-Based Guide for Parents,
Educators, and Community Leaders.
National Institute of Drug
Abuse: Sara’s Quest -- Exploring the Brain’s Response to Drugs.
National Institute on Health Curriculum: Understanding
Neurobiology Through the Study of Addiction.
National Institute on Health, Office of Science Education: For
teachers: The Brain and Neurological Disorders.
Includes ready-to-use, free, downloadable slides shows with teachers
guides including how the brain works and how specific drugs affect the
brain.
National
Institute on Mental Health" The Brain’s Inner Workings: Videos on CD.
Free, downloadable videos in different formats on how the brain works
-- also available on CD or downloadable in different formats. Both
teacher and student guides are available at this site for free.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke:
Brain Basics -- Know Your Brain. Contains a concise introduction to how the brain works.
Neuroanatomy
and Neuropathology on the Internet: Anatomy of the Brain.
Includes many links for graphics.
Neuropathology
Lab: Internet Handbook of Neurology. Comprehensive set of
links for brain disorders including alcoholism and addiction.
Neuroscience Division, Regional Primate Research Center, University of
Washington: BrainInfo. This site identifies structures in the
brain. If you provide the name of a structure, BrainInfo will show it
and tell you about it.
Neuroscience for Kids: Explore the brain and spinal cord.
Another site that covers how the brain works, develops, and is
affected by alcohol and substance abuse.
Pegasus:
Brain Model Tutorial. Interactive tutorial
designed to teach you the various parts of the brain and their
functions.
Pfizer
Pharmaceutical, Brain: The World Inside Your Head. Pfizer
Pharmaceutical’s companion Web site for their traveling brain
education exhibit of the same name. This site contains a free,
downloadable guide to talking to children about brain-related
conditions.
Popular Science: How to Get the Monkey Off Your Brain.
Detailed analysis of fighting addictions with the emerging
understanding of how the brain functions.
Public
Broadcasting Service: A Science Odyssey -- Probe the Brain, You try
it. Includes information about how the brain works and a
free, online interactive brain probe activity, requires Shockwave.
Public Broadcasting Service Online: Moyers on Addiction, Crossing
the Line to Addiction.
Public
Broadcasting Service: Science and Nature -- Health and Science.
Set of links that includes "The secret life of the brain,
Search for Safe Cigarettes: How Nicotine Affects the Brain," and many
biology and science related sites.
Society for Neuroscience, Public Resources. Contains great
links about the brain, some specifically for educators.
Society for Neuroscience: Society for Neuroscience for Students
and Teachers. Comprehensive index of resources including
lesson plans and activities.
University of Minnesota & Science Museum of Minnesota: Brain Science
on the Move. University of Minnesota program designed to
promote and facilitate inquiry-based learning in neuroscience among
fifth to eighth grade students and their teachers.
Web of Addiction.
Provides accurate information about alcohol and other drug addictions
– good information on how the brain is affected.
Wheeler Center at the
University of California, San Francisco: Addiction Science Homepage.
Research forum and resources for the neurobiology of addiction.
The Whole
Brain Atlas.
Virtual hospital: The human brain – Dissections of the Human Brain.
Graphics and additional resources about neurology.
Wisconsin’s Department of Health and Family Service:
Fact Sheet -- Addiction and the Brain.
Here are some up-to-date books on the brain, its
development, and substance abuse.
Bloom, F., Nelson, C. A. & Lazerson, A., (2001).
Brain, Mind
and Behavior. New York: Worth
Publishing.
Brynie,-Hickman, F., (1998).
101 Questions Your Brain Has
Asked About Itself But Couldn’t Answer… Until Now.
Riverside, NJ: , Millbrook Press.
Carson-Dewitt, R. (2001).
Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol,
and Addictive Behavior. New York:
Macmillan Reference.
Carter, R., (1998).
Mapping of the Mind.
Berkeley,CA: University of California Press.
Cole, J., & Degen, B., (1999).
The Magic School Bus
Explores the Senses. New York:
Scholastic.
Conlan, R. , (1999).
States of Mind: New Discoveries
About How Our Brains Make Us Who We Are.
New York: Dana Press.
Craig, T., & Ramey, S. L., (1999).
Right from Birth.
New York: Goddard Press.
Czerner, T. B., M.D., (2001).
What Makes You Tick? The
Brain in Plain English. New York:
John Wiley and Sons.
Drubach, D., (2000).
The Brain Explained.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Fleischman, J., (2002).
A Gruesome but True Story About
Brain Science. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Co.
Guiffre, K.,& Foy, T., (1999).
The Care and Feeding of
Your Brain. Franklin Lakes, NJ:
Geronimo Career Press.
Henderson-Connell, E., (2000).
Understanding Addiction.
Jackson, MS: University Press of
Mississippi.
Hurley, J.A.,(2000).
Addiction: Opposing Viewpoints.
San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press.
Monroe, J., (1999).
Inhalant Drug Dangers.
Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow.
Ratey, J. J., (2001).
A User’s Guide to the Brain;
Perception, Attention, and the Four Theaters of the Brain.
New York: Pantheon.
Restak, R. M.(2000).
Mysteries of the Mind.
Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society.
ScientificAmerican, (2002).
The Scientific American Book
of the Brain. The Best Writing on Consciousness, Disorders of the
Mind, and Much More. New York:
Lyons Press.
Siegel, D., (1999).
The Developing Brain.
News York: The Guilford Press.
These articles appear in a variety of periodicals and professional
journals. While it may be possible to find these articles in whole or
part online, using full-text databases might be a better option.
Wisconsin residents should be able to locate each of these articles
using BadgerLink. If you know of any additional articles for this
listing, please contact us.
Brain Basics
Kandel, E. R., (2000). Neuroscience: Breaking Down Scientific
Barriers to the Study of Brain and Mind. Science, 290, 5494, 1113.
May, M.,& Heebner, G., (2001). Neuroscience: Unraveling And
Repairing The Human Brain. Science, 294, 5544 , 1133.
Neurology: Brain cells are imaged as they form connections.
(2001,December23) Medical Devices & Surgical Technology Week, 3.
Brain Development
Barinaga, M. (2000, June 23). A critical issue for the brain.
Science, 288, 2116.
Blakeslee, S. (2000, January 4). A decade of discovery yields a
shock about the brain. New York Times, 149, F1.
Blakeslee,S. (2002, November 5). Brain power: the search for
origins. New York Times, 152, F5.
Brain development is remarkable during first few years. (1999,
August). USA Today Magazine,128, 8.
Brain play for babies (2001, February). Working Mother, 75.
Brainwaves differ in troubled youngsters; UConn HealthCenter
researchers pinpoint frontal brain. (2002, July 25). Ascribe Health &
Fitness News Service, 9.
Comprehensive scientific information on adolescent brain
development available online in pre-briefing by New York Academy of
Sciences. (2003, September 10). Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service,
11.
D’Arcangelo, M. (2000). How does the brain develop? A Conversation
with Steven Petersen. 58 (3), 68.
D’Arcangelo, M. (2003). On the mind of a child. Educational
Leadership, 60 (7), 6.
Dahl,R., E. M.D., (2001). Affect regulation, brain development, and
behavior/emotional health in adolescence. CNS Spectrums, 6 (1), 60.
Fitzgerald, N. (2000, January). So smart, so fast: how little
brains grow. Scholastic Choices 26.
Flohr, J. W. (1999). .Recent brain research on young children.
Teaching Music, 6 (6), 41.
Growing grey matter.(1999, December). Science Teacher, 66 (9), 16.
Henderson, C. W. (2001, November 11). Some drugs taken during
pregnancy may impair brain development. Women's Health Weekly, 17.
Imaging provides glimpse into pediatric brain; Washington
University research shows MRI method feasible for children. (2001,
November 13). Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 16.
Induced damage in the developing brain (2000, May 5). Science, 288,
976.
Jacobson, L. (2000, May/June). Brainiacs. Teacher Magazine, 11 (8),
21.
Kaas, J. H., & Collins, C. E. (2001, May 10). Evolving ideas of
brain evolution. Nature, 411, 6834, 141.
Kane, G., Meyer, H. S., Morse, D. H., & Hogan, R. (2002). Brain
development. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287,(3) 382.
Kowalski, K. (2000). What's inside the teenage brain. Current
Health, 27 (3), 4.
Leibovich, L. (2003, March). Teens and drugs in America. Teen
People, 6, 110.
McGouch, R. (2003, June 19). Brain structure may make teens
addiction-prone. Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, 241 D3.
Morgan, K. (2003, February 8). Mind numbing. Science News, 163, 87.
Muha, L. (1999, Fall Special Issue). Your baby's amazing brain.
Parenting, 13 (7), 40.
Nagourney, E. (2001, May 5). A growing brain, even in middle age.
New York Times, 150, F6.
New York Academy of Sciences International conference to examine
adolescent brain development: vulnerabilities and opportunities.(2003,
August 25). Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 6.
One binge can harm baby's brain. (2000, March 1). News for You, 2.
Orfanelli, L. (2001). Neurologic Examination of the toddler.
American Journal of Nursing, 101 (12), 24CC.
Perry, B. (2000). The developmental hot zone. Early Childhood
Today, 15 (3), 30.
Puckett, M., & Marxhall, C. S. (1999). Examining the emergence of
brain development research. Childhood Education, 76 (1), 8.
Resources. (2002, February 4). Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 14,
6.
Rivkin, M. J. (2003). Opening the window into brain development in
children more widely with magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatrics,
111(6), 1432.
Rutledge, D. (2000). Neurons and nurture in the early years.
Education Canada, 39 (4), 16.
Schettler, T. (2001). Toxic threats to neurologic development of
children. Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements, 109 (Issue
Suppl. 6), 813.
Spano, S. (2003, March). Adolescent brain development. Youth
Studies Australia, 22, 36.
Study Reveals How Child Abuse Can Lead to Substance Abuse. (2002,
January 7). Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 1.
Travis, J. (2002, November 16). Sizing up the brain. Science News
312,
Washington, V. (2002). Why early childhood education matters now
more than ever. Early Childhood Today, 17 (3), 5.
What's new in research (2003). Brown University Child & Adolescent
Behavior Letter, 19 (10), 5.
White, A. (2003). Substance use & adolescent brain development.
Youth Studies Australia, 22 (1), 39.
Addiction and the Brain
Abbot, A. (2002, October 31). Addicted. Nature, 419 , 872
Abramovitz, M. (1999, September). What drugs do to the brain.
Current Health 23, 26.
Addiction addiction addiction addiction. (2001). The Brown
University Digest of Addiction Theory & Application, 20 (10), 4.
Addiction: a brain ailment, not a moral lapse. (2003, September30).
New York Times, 152 , F8.
Addiction: Drugs on the brain. (1999, September Teacher’s Edition).
Current Health, 26 (1), 2.
Aldridge, J. (2000). Practical applications of brain research.
Childhood Education, 76 (3), 182.
Baily, C. (2003). Heads up real news about drugs and your body.
Scholastic Choices, 19 (2), 12.
Bartimo, J. (2002). How the get the monkey off your brain. Popular
Science, 260 (4), 50.
Begley, S. (2001, February 12). How it all starts inside your
brain. Newsweek (Atlantic Edition), 137, 56.
Brain science and drug policy. (2001). Issues in Science &
Technology, 17 (4), 8.
Brennan, M. (1999) Treating substance abuse. Chemical & Engineering
News, 77 (34), 8.
Burton, T., M. (2001, February 16). 3 Doctors See wider uses for
neurological pacemakers. Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, 237
(34), B1
Change in brain process may explain addiction. (2001). Alcoholism &
Drug Abuse Weekly13 (13), 8.
Chronic alcohol abuse can change brain's molecular programming and
circuitry of frontal cortex. (2001, October 1). Ascribe Health &
Fitness News Service, 3.
Drug use 'sensitizes' brain, University Of Michigan study finds,
making recovering addicts vulnerable to relapse. (2001, September 30).
Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 1.
Effects of crack/alcohol dependence explored. (2002). The Brown
University Digest of Addiction Theory & Application, Vol. 21 (4), 5.
Fackelmann, K. (2002, April 18). Breaking bonds of addiction. USA
Today, 1E.
Gaskins, P. (2000, May). The latest on your brain. Scholastic
Choices, 15, 8.
Goldman, D. B. & Barr, C. S. (2002). Restoring the addicted brain
New England Journal of Medicine, 347 (11), 843.
Haseltine, E. (2001). The unsatisfied mind. Discover, 22 (11), 88.
Health & safety: Drugs & alcohol. (2000). School Library Journal,
46 (8), 88.
Holden, C. (2001, May 11). Drug Craving in Memory Center. Science
Now, 2.
Johnson, G. (1999, October, 24). How much give can the brain take?
New York Times, 149, 4.
Keane, H. (1999). Adventures of the addicted brain. Australian
Feminist Studies, 14 (29), 63.
Kleiner, K. (2003, August 30). Drug use dulls brain's response to
novelty. New Scientist, 179, 14.
Lemonick, M. D. (2000, December 11). Downey's downfall. Time South
Pacific, 41.
Leshner, A. (2001). Drug abuse and addiction research into the 21st
century: where are we going from here? Social Work in Health Care, 33
(1), 5.
Leshner, A. I. (1999, November). We can conquer drug addiction. By:
Leshner, Alan I.. Futurist, 33, 22.
Massing, M. (2000, June 2000). Seeing drugs as a choice or as a
brain anomaly. New York Times, 149, B9.
Mylinsky, N. R. (1999, November). Addiction and the Brain. World &
I, 14 (11), 162.
Online program offers substance abuse series. (2002.) Alcoholism &
Drug Abuse Weekly, 14 (31), 6.
Research links single use to addiction. (2001). Alcoholism & Drug
Abuse Weekly, 13 (23), 5.
Reutter, V., & Mandell, P. L (2002). Drugs & alcohol. School
Library Journal, 48 (6), 60.
Rizzo, K. D. (2002, October). Unscramble your brain. Winner, 46, 8.
Scher, M. S., & Richardson, G. A. (2000). Effects of prenatal
cocaine/cack and other drug exposure on electroencephalographic.
Pediatrics, 105 (1), 39.
Seydel, C. (2001, January 24). Sex, drugs, and brain receptors.
(2001, January 24) Science Now, 2.
Sheringham, S. (2003, March 11). Viva!: Why are teenagers so
horrible to live with?; Well, mood swings are due to rewiring of the
brain. Daily Post (Liverpool),.17.
Sigelman, C. K., Bridges, L. J., Sorongon, A. G., Rinehart, C. S.,
Brewster, A. B., & Wirtz, P. (2003). Biological background knowledge
and learning from a drug and alcohol education program. Journal of
Genetic Psychology, 164 (2), 133.
Study questions role of dopamine in addiction. (1999). The Brown
University Digest of Addiction Theory & Application, 18 (4), 8.
Substance Abuse. (2001). Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine,
785
Svoboda, Elizabeth. (2003). If you want to be sound of mind, remain
sound of body. Discover, 24 (10), 11.
Taylor, D. (2002). Drugs on the brain. Meanjin, 61 (2), 138.
Tomkins, D. M., Sellers, E. M., (2001). Addiction and the brain:
the role of neurotransmitters in the cause and treatment of drug
dependence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 164 (6), 817.
Vastag, B. (2003). Addiction poorly understood by clinicians:
Experts say attitudes, lack of knowledge hinder treatment. Journal of
the American Medical Association, 290 (10), 1299.
Vogel, G. (2000, September 7). Brain cells turning over a new leaf.
Science Now, 1.
Whitehouse, T. (2000). Cutting out addiction. World Press Review,
46 (6), 39.
Young, A. L. (1999, Fall). Addictive drugs and the brain. National
Forum, 79 (4), 15.
Alcohol and the Brain
Alcohol, the brain, and behavior. (2000). Alcohol Research &
Health, 24 (1), p12.
Barinaga, M. (2000, February 11). A new clue to how alcohol damages
brains. Science, 287, 647.
Bartholow, B. D., Pearson, M. A., Gratton G., & Fabiani, M. (2003).
Effects of alcohol on person perception: A social cognitive
neuroscience approach. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 85
(4), 627.
Beckman, M. (2002, November 7). Mistakes don't trouble a boozy
brain. Science Now, 2.
Binge drinking may kill brain cells. (2002). Alcoholism & Drug
Abuse Weekly, 14 (18), 7.
Booze and your brain. (2003 ,March). Scholastic Choices, 18, 6.
Booze 'benders' may hamper brain cell growth. (2001). Colgan
Chronicles, 4 (7), 5.
Boyce, N. (2000, March 11). Booze clues. New Scientist, 165, 19.
Brain difference may increase susceptibility to alcohol abuse.
(2001, June 11). Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly,13, 8.
Brink, S. (2001, May 7). Your brain on alcohol. U.S. News & World
Report, 130, 50.
Campbell, M., Li, D., Conry, J., Conry, R., & Loock, C. (2000).
Structural and functional brain integrity of fetal alcohol syndrome in
nonretarded cases. Pediatrics, 105 (5), 1096.
Christensen, D. (2000, July 8). Sobering work. Science News, 158,
28.
Colman, A. (2003, March). New light on alcohol. Youth Studies
Australia. 22, 6.
Fackelmann, K. (2003, February 26) Study measures alcohol's toll.
USA Today, 1E.
Goodwin, D. W. (2000). Alcohol in the body.Alcoholism (Oxford),
2000.
Gordis, Enoch. (2001). Improving the old, embracing the new:
implications of alcohol research for future practice. Social Work in
Health Care, 33 (1).
Henderson, C.W. (2000, September 28). Alcohol significantly impairs
human fetal brain. Women's Health Weekly, 24.
Imaging studies identify brain damage in young adult, female
alcoholics. (2001,March 8). Women's Health Weekly, 21.
Kohn, C., Hasty, S., & Henderson, C.W. Kohn. (2002, February 14).
Even low levels of alcohol during pregnancy found dangerous to fetal
brain cells. Women's Health Weekly, 14.
Kohn, C., Walton-Brooks, D., Hasty, S., & Henderson, C.W. (2003,
August 3). Alcohol ads stimulate stronger brain responses in drinking
than teetotaling teens. Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA, 8.
Kowalski, K. M. (2001). Debunking myths about alcohol. Current
Health, 27 (8), 6.
Magnetic resonance imaging studies identify brain regions impaired
by alcoholism in young adult, female alcoholics. (2003, February 14).
Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 9.
Maier, S. E. & West, J., R. (2001). Drinking patterns and
alcohol-related birth defects. Research & Health, 25 (3), p168.
Mihm, T. (2003, January). No alcohol for me. Winner, 46 (5), 13.
Nagourney, E. (2001, October 2). Drinking's long-term toll on the
brain. New York Times, 10/2/2001, 151, F6.
Neuroimaging identifies craving factor in alcoholics. (2001).
Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 13 (16), 7.
Prenatal exposure to alcohol. (2000). Alcohol Research & Health, 24
(1), 32.
Recently detoxified alcoholics show signs of impairment. (2002).
Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 14 (32), 7.
Research sheds light on alcohol interaction. (2000). Alcoholism &
Drug Abuse Weekly, 12 (32), 7.
Research yields clues on fetal alcohol syndrome. (2003) Alcoholism
& Drug Abuse Weekly, 14 (37) 7.
Researchers shed light on mechanisms of voluntary alcohol
consumption. (2002, July 14). Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA, 9.
Ridderinkof, K., R., Vlugty, Y., Bramlage, A., Spaan, M., Elston,
M., Snel, J., & Band, G. P. (2002, December 13). Alcohol consumption
impairs detection of performance errors in mediofrontal cortex. 298,
2209.
Scans reveal brain response to alcohol images. (2002) Alcoholism &
Drug Abuse Weekly, 14 (25), 7.
Scientists identify brain mechanism that boosts response to
alcohol. (2002, June 13). Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service,15.
Scully, S. (2000, May). Alcohol alert. Baby Talk, 65, 17.
Service, R. (1999, September 3). Probing alcoholism's `dark side.'
Science, 285, 1473.
Seydel, C. (2001, November 20). Alcohol stunts neuron generation.
Science Now, 1.
Spear, L. (2002 Supplement). The adolescent brain and the college
drinker: Biological basis of propensity to use and misuse alcohol.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol Supplement, 63, 71.
Study: Adolescent alcohol dependence may damage brain function.
(2000). Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 12 (9), 4.
Underage drinkers' risk of brain damage. (2003, February). USA
Today Magazine, 131, 10.
What causes alcoholism? (2001, December). Alcoholism Annual Report,
2.
Wuelthrich, B. (2001, March 16). Does alcohol damage female brains
more? Science, 291, 2077.
Hallucinogens and the Brain
Blakeslee, S. (2001, March 13). This is the brain on hallucinogens.
New York Times, 150, F7.
Kowalski, K. M. (2000). What hallucinogens can do to your brain.
Current Health, 26 (8), 6.
Inhalants and the Brain
Brain-imaging study offers clues to inhalant abuse; first images of
inhalants in brain reveal why solvents may be so addictive. (2002,
April 4). Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 1.
Buchanan, P. (1999, September). A deadly high. Teen Magazine, 43,
97.
Inhalant use more popular than Ecstacy, Oxycontin. (2002).
Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 14 (12), 8.
Monroe, J. (2000, October). What you should know about inhalants.
Current Health, 24 , 6.
Propellant inhalation. (2001) Nursing, 31 (10), 104.
Marijuana and the Brain
Bachtold, D. (2003). Put down the bong, mom. Science Now, 3.
Carroll, L. (2002, March 25). Weeded out. New York Times Upfront,
134, 7.
Is this the answer for hopeless dopeheads? (2001, April 21). New
Scientist, 170, 7.
Kleiner, K. (1999, March 27). Why your brain is primed for a high.
New Scientist, 161, 14.
Knight, J. (1999, May 29). Doping down. New Scientist, 162, 7.
Prenatal marijuana exposure may pose health risks. (2003, April 5).
Science News, 163, 220.
The Smoke that terrifies, satisfies, mystifies: marijuana neither
horrifying 'gateway' drug nor innocuous cure-all, says USC researcher.
(2002, July 19). Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 2.
Travis, J. (1999, April 3). Marijuana mimic reveals brain role.
Science News, 155, 215.
UC San Francisco Study finds brain's naturally occurring marijuana
acts on brain region key to learning, memory. (2001, March 28).
Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 3.
Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of
opiates in cb1 receptor knockout mice. (1999, January 15). Science,
283, 401.
Wilson, R. I. & Nocoll, R. A. (2001, March 29) Endogenous
cannabinoids mediate retrograde signalling at hippocampal synapses.
Nature, 410, 588.
Methamphetamines and the Brain
Larkiin, M. (2000, April 1). Methamphetamine use could lead to
long-term brain damage. 355, 1162.
Methamphetamine exposure could cause several harms. (2001).
Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 13 (41), 8.
Muir, H. (2001, March 10). 8 Slow down. New Scientist,169, 16.
Nicotine and the Brain
Ananthaswamy, A. (2000, August 26). Nicotine's fatal attraction.
New Scientist, 167, 11.
Arnst, C. (2002, December 2). The skinny on teen smoking. Business
Week, 51.
Atrens, D. M. (2001). Nicotine as an addictive substance: A
critical examination of the basic concepts and empirical evidence.
Journal of Drug Issues, 31 (2), 325.
Brayne, C. (2000). Smoking and the brain. British Medical Journal,
320 (7242), 1087.
Cigarettes: How they hook and hurt. (2002, October). Scholastic
Choices, 18 (2), V.
Deas, G. W. (2003, Memories are made of this. New York Amsterdam
News, 94, 15.
Early nicotine use may lead to lasting addiction, studyfinds.
(2003, September 8). Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 31.
He thinks nicotine fits brain research (2000). Business North
Carolina, 20 (12), 63.
Lighting up time? (2003, June 21). Economist, 367, 73.
Morgan, K. (2003, March 22). More than a kick. Science News, 163,
184.
Nicotine causes selective degeneration in brain, UCLA
neuroscientists report. (2000, November16). Ascribe Health & Fitness
News Service, 1.
Nicotine damages brain cells in animal model. (2002). The Brown
University Digest of Addiction Theory & Application, 21 (6), 10.
Nicotine vaccine reduces nicotine distribution to brain. (2000,
February 23-March 1). Vaccine Weekly, 11.
Rock, A. (1999, January). Quitting time for smokers. Money, 28,
139.
Schettler, T. (2001, December). Toxic threats to neurologic
development of children. Environmental Health Perspectives
Supplements, 109 (Suppl. 6), 813.
Sinha, G. & Hirshberg, C. (2002, June). Smoked brains. Popular
Science, 260, 39.
Opiates and the Brain
Couzin, J. (2003, July 11). Sigh of relief for painkillers.
Science, 301, 150.
DiConsiglio, J. (2003, April 25). Close-up: Heroin. Junior
Scholastic, 105, 16.
Travis, J. (2003, July 26). Keeping breathing steady and safe.
Science News, 164, 61.
Steroids and the Brain
Barrington, K. (2001). Postnatal steroids and neurodevelopmental
outcomes: A problem in the making. Pediatrics, 107 (6), p1425.
Caldwell, C. (2002, May 24). All bulked up. Wall Street Journal -
Eastern Edition, 239, W15.
Mind over matter: the brain's response to steroids. (2002,
February). Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, 18, 4.
Research links adolescent steroid use to heightenedaggression,
altered serotonin signaling in brain; Study hypothesizes that
adolescent steroid exposure may permanently alter production of 'feel
good' receptor. (2002, August 8). Ascribe Health & Fitness News
Service, 5.
Silva, D. (2002, July 15). Steroid to blame for sudden infant
deaths? Science Now, 3.
Stimulants and the Brain
Blood flow to the brain indicates when recovering cocaine addicts
are able to benefit from talk therapy. (2001, April 25). Ascribe
Health & Fitness News Service, 2.
Cocaine affects men and women's brains differently. (1999, AUgust).
The Brown University Digest of Addiction Theory & Application, 18, 1.
Cocaine exposure in womb may affect brain processes. (2000, March
20). Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 12, 8.
Cocaine may damage developing fetuses, causing lifelong learning
disabilities. (2002, March 28). Women's Health Weekly, 4.
Cocaine use decreases addicts' ability to respond to stimulation,
Yale researchers find. (2001, March 27). Ascribe Health & Fitness News
Service, 10.
Ecstasy use declines as more teens recognize risks of drug. (2003,
February). Nation's Health, 33, 1.
Leinwand, D. (2002, February 11). Ecstasy grows as danger to teens.
USA Today, 1E.
Miller, G. (2003, August 26). Speed may slow learning. Science Now,
1.
Netting, J. (2001, May 12). Memory may draw addicts back to
cocaine. Science News, 159, 292.
Study finds single cocaine exposure triggers lasting surge of
activity in brain region key to development of addiction. (2001, May
30). Ascribe Health & Fitness News Service, 5.
Study: Ecstasy may cause long-term impairment in memory. (2001,
Octover 22). Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 13, 7.
The agony and the Ecstasy. (2002, September 7). Economist, 364, 71.
Women more susceptible to harmful effects of ecstasy. (2002,
January). The Brown University Digest of Addiction Theory &
Application, 21, 1.
Video
Multi-media and interaction
presentations are educational and FUN! These resources present a
variety of brain-related topics.
Animated
Neuroscience and the Action of Nicotine, Cocaine, and Marijuana in the
Brain Films for the Humanities and Sciences (2003)
Princeton, NJ, 2003
Brain Power.
(2002). National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland: VHS
Tape.
Drug abuse and
the brain. (2001) National
Health Video, Los Angeles: VHS Tape.
Eisenberg, R. (2001).
How drugs
change the brain: Implications for addiction. University of Michigan,
Ann Arbour, Michigan: VHS Tape.
Keppler, J. (2001).
Alcohol, drugs,
body and mind: the medial consequences. FMS Publication, Carpinteria,
California: VHS Tape.
Software Resources
Brainiac, Medical Multimedia
Systems, New York 11234, 2002. Brainiac provides interactive access to
images of the human brain. A Website with demo is at
http://www.webcom.com/~medmult,, Medical
Multimedia Systems, New York 11234, 2002. Brainiac provides
interactive access to images of the human brain.
The following professional journals are good sources for information about
the brain and substances of abuse. Listed alphabetically by title, a
hypelink to locate issues is provided when possible. Also identified
are the publisher, and the year each journal was first published. If
you know of any additional journals for this listing, please
contact
us.
Applied Cognitive Psychology
(Previously called Human Learning), J. Wiley, New York; First Issue:
1987.
Brain & Development
, Elsevier Science Pub. Co., New York; First Issue: 1995.
Brain Research Bulletin, Elsevier Science Pub. Co.,
New York; First Issue: 1995.
Brain Research
Reviews, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical
Press, Amsterdam; First Issue: 1995.
Child Abuse and
Neglect, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York; First
Published 1977 (Quarterly), 1992 (Bimontly).
Child Abuse
Review, J. Wiley, New York; First Published:
1996.
Child and Youth Care Forum, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands; First Published: 1998.
Child Care, Health and Development, Blackwell
Publishing, Oxford
Child
Development, University of Chicago Press for the
Society for Research in Child Development, Chicago; First Published:
1930.
Children and
Society, J. Wiley, New York; First Published:
1996.
Children and
Youth Services Review, Pergamon Press, New York;
First Published: 1979.
Cognitive Brain
Research, Elsevier Science Pub. Co., New York;
First Issue: 1992.
Cognitive
Development, Norwood, N.J. : Ablex Pub. Corp,
Norwood, NJ; First Published: 1992.
Cognitive Psychology, Ablex Pub. Corp, Norwood, NJ;
First Published: 1970.
Cognitive Science, Cognitive Science Society,
Inc., Austin, TX; First Published: 1996.
Developmental Brain Research, Elsevier Science Pub.
Co., New York; First Issue: 1995.
Developmental Psychology, American
Psychological Association, Washington, DC; First Published: 2002.
Developmental Review,
Academic Press, Orlando, FL; First Published: 1996.
Early Childhood
Research and Practice,
Early Childhood and Parenting (ECAP)
Collaborative
at the
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL; First
Published: 1999.
Early Childhood
Research Quarterly, Ablex Pub. Corp, Norwood,
NJ; First Published: 1986.
The Future of
Children, The Center, Los Altos, CA; First
Published: 1991.
Infant Behavior and Development, Ablex Pub. Corp, Norwood, NJ;
First Published: 1978.
Human Development and Family Life Bulletin, The
Ohio State University, Human Development & Family Life Education
Resource Center, Columbus, OH; First Published: 1995
Infant and Child
Development, J. Wiley, New York; First
Published: 1999.
Infant Mental
Health Journal, Brandon, Vt: First Published:
1980.
International Journal of Early Childhood,
Organization for Early Childhood Education, Prague; First Published:
1948.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands; First Published: 1998.
Journal of
Applied Developmental Psychology, Elsevier
Science Pub. Co., New York; First Issue: 1998.
Journal of Child
Language, Cambridge University Press; First
Published: 1974.
Journal of Early Intervention, Division for
Early Childhood, Council for Exceptional Children, Reston, VA; First
Published: 1989
Journal of
Experimental Child Psychology, Academic Press,
New York; First Published: 1964.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory and Cognition, American Psychological Association,
Washington, DC; First Published: 1982.
Merrill-Palmer
Quarterly, Wayne State University Press,
Detroit; First Published: 1982.
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Society for the Research of Child Development,
Philadelphia; First Published: 1935.
Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk
Grove Village, IL; First Published: 1938.
Looking for more information or help? This listing presents
a number of organizations that can assist you.
Action on Smoking and Health.
"Everything For People Concerned About Smoking and Nonsmokers' Rights,
Smoking Statistics, Quitting Smoking, Smoking Risks, and Other Smoking
Information"
Al-Anon/Alateen Homepage.
"To help families and friends of alcoholics recover from the effects
of living with the problem drinking of a relative or friend.
Similarly, Alateen is our recovery program for young people. Alateen
groups are sponsored by Al-Anon members."
Alcoholics
Anonymous. Homepage of the "original" 12 step
program. Alcoholics Anonymous® is a fellowship of men and
women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other
that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover
from alcoholism.
American Academy of Arts and
Sciences. "For over 220 years, the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences has served as a major intellectual catalyst in
American life. Today, members from every discipline engage in
collaborative, multidisciplinary studies of complex problems that defy
easy solution: issues ranging from arms control to universal basic and
secondary education to the state of the humanities."
American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. The American Academy
of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry is a professional medical
organization comprised of child and adolescent psychiatrists trained
to promote healthy development and to evaluate, diagnose, and treat
children and adolescents and their families who are affected by
disorders of feeling, thinking and behavior."
American Academy of Neurology.
"The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) is a worldwide professional
association of more than 17,000 neurologists and neuroscience
professionals dedicated to providing the best possible care for
patients with neurological disorders."
American Council on
Alcoholism. "ACA was formed in recognition of the need
for a national agency to provide a cohesive, realistic, and
coordinated approach to and understanding of the disease of
alcoholism. ACA is a forum for addressing the complex issues of
prevention, early identification, and treatment of alcoholism, as well
as other related alcohol use and abuse issues."
American Council on Science and
Health. "The American Council on Science and Health,
Inc. (ACSH) is a consumer education consortium concerned with issues
related to food, nutrition, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, lifestyle, the
environment and health. ACSH is an independent, nonprofit, tax-exempt
organization."
American Physiological
Society. "The American Physiological Society is
devoted to fostering scientific research, education, and the
dissemination of scientific information."
American Psychiatric
Association. "The American Psychiatric Association is
a medical specialty society recognized world-wide. Its 40,500 U.S. and
international physicians specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of
mental and emotional illnesses and substance use disorders."
American Society of
Addiction Medicine. "ASAM members are physicians from
all medical specialties and subspecialties. They are engaged in
private practice, serve as corporate medical directors, and work in
group practice or other clinical settings. A number are also involved
in research and medical education."
Campaign for
Tobacco-Free Kids. "The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids
is fighting to free America's youth from tobacco and to create a
healthier environment. The Campaign is one of the nation's largest
non-governmental initiatives ever launched to protect children from
tobacco addiction and exposure to secondhand smoke."
Center
for Substance Abuse Prevention. "The Center for
Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) provides national leadership in the
development of policies, programs, and services to prevent the onset
of illegal drug use, to prevent underage alcohol and tobacco use, and
to reduce the negative consequences of using substances. CSAP is one
of three Centers in the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS). The other two are the Center for Substance Abuse
Treatment (CSAT) and the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS)."
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. "The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) is recognized as the lead federal agency for
protecting the health and safety of people - at home and abroad,
providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and
promoting health through strong partnerships."
College on Problems of Drug
Dependence. "CPDD serves as an interface among
governmental, industrial and academic communities maintaining liaisons
with regulatory and research agencies as well as educational,
treatment, and prevention facilities in the drug abuse field. It also
functions as a collaborating center of the World Health Organization."
I Am Your Child Foundation.
"A national non-profit organization dedicated to raising awareness
about the importance of early childhood development and school
readiness."
MADD: Mothers Against Drunk
Driving. "MADD is a 501(c)(3) non-profit grass roots
organization with more than 600 chapters nationwide. MADD is not a
crusade against alcohol consumption. Our focus is to look for
effective solutions to the drunk driving and underage drinking
problems, while supporting those who have already experienced the pain
of these senseless crimes."
Medical Library Association.
"The Medical Library Association (MLA) is organized exclusively for
scientific and educational purposes, and is dedicated to the support
of health sciences research, education, and patient care."
Narcotics Anonymous.
"Narcotics Anonymous is an international, community-based association
of recovering drug addicts with more than 28,000 weekly meetings in
113 countries."
National Academy of Sciences. "The National Academy of
Sciences (NAS) is a private, non-profit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research,
dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their
use for the general welfare."
National Academy of Sciences:
Institute of Medicine. "The mission of the Institute
of Medicine is to advance and disseminate scientific knowledge to
improve human health. The Institute provides objective, timely,
authoritative information and advice concerning health and science
policy to government, the corporate sector, the professions and the
public."
National Association for
Children of Alcoholics. "NACoA is the national
nonprofit membership organization working on behalf of children of
alcohol and drug dependent parents."
National Association of
Rehabilitation Agencies. "The National Association of
Rehabilitation Providers and Agencies (NARA) is the trade association
for rehabilitation business owners and managers."
National Association of
Rehabilitation Professionals. "As the oldest and
strongest advocate for the rights of persons with disabilities, our
mission is to provide advocacy, awareness and career advancement for
professionals in the fields of rehabilitation."
National Association of State
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors. "NASADAD's basic
purpose is to foster and support the development of effective alcohol
and other drug abuse prevention and treatment programs throughout
every State."
National Center for Health
Statistics. "The mission of the National Center for
Health Statistics(NCHS) is to provide statistical information that
will guide actions and policies to improve the health of the American
people. As the Nation's principal health statistics agency, NCHS leads
the way with accurate, relevant, and timely data."
National Center on
Addiction and Substance Abuse. "Inform Americans of
the economic and social costs of substance abuse and its impact on
their lives; Assess what works in prevention, treatment, and law
enforcement; Encourage every individual and institution to take
responsibility to combat substance abuse and addiction; Provide those
on the front lines with the tools they need to succeed; Remove the
stigma of abuse and replace shame and despair with hope."
National Clearinghouse for
Alcohol and Drug Information. "The National
Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) is the
information service of the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention of
the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in the
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. NCADI is the world's
largest resource for current information nd materials concerning
substance abuse."
National Health Information
Center. "The National Health Information Center (NHIC)
is a health information referral service. NHIC puts health
professionals and consumers who have health questions in touch with
those organizations that are best able to provide answers."
National Institute for
Science Education."The National Institute for Science
Education was created and funded by the National Science Foundation
for five years from 1996-2001. Additional support was provided by the
Helen Bader Foundation, the ExxonMobil Foundation, the Joyce
Foundation, the Spencer Foundation, and the University of
Wisconsin-Madison Graduate School."
National Institute of Drug
Abuse. "NIDA's mission is to lead the Nation in
bringing the power of science to bear on drug abuse and addiction.
This charge has two critical components: The first is the strategic
support and conduct of research across a broad range of disciplines.
The second is to ensure the rapid and effective dissemination and use
of the results of that research to significantly improve drug abuse
and addiction prevention, treatment, and policy."
National Institute on
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. "The National Institute
on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) supports and conducts
biomedical and behavioral research on the causes, consequences,
treatment, and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems."
National Institutes of
Health. "Founded in 1887, the National Institutes of
Health today is one of the world's foremost medical research centers,
and the Federal focal point for medical research in the U.S. The NIH,
comprised of 27 separate Institutes and Centers, is one of eight
health agencies of the Public Health Service which, in turn, is part
of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."
National Medical Association.
"The National Medical Association (NMA) is the collective voice of
African American physicians and the leading force for parity and
justice in medicine and the elimination of disparities in health."
National Network of the Libraries of
Medicine. "The mission of the National Network of
Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) is to advance the progress of medicine
and improve the public health by: 1) providing all U.S. health
professionals with equal access to biomedical information; and, 2)
improving the public's access to information to enable them to make
informed decisions about their health."
Office of
the Surgeon General. "Since 1871, the Surgeon General
of the United States has been the nation's leading spokesman on
matters of public health."
Public Health Service.
"One of the largest federal agencies, the Department of Health and
Human Services is the principal agency for protecting the health of
all Americans. Comprising 12 operating divisions, HHS'
responsibilities include public health, biomedical research, Medicare
and Medicaid, welfare, social services, and more."
Race Against Drugs.
"Race Against Drugs (RAD), designed in 1990, is a series of drug
prevention and awareness programs for youth."
Salk Institute for Biological
Studies. "The Salk Institute is a private, non-profit,
research organization located in La Jolla, California. Scientists here
are dedicated to fundamental research in biology and its relation to
health, studying such challenging problems as the organization and
operation of the brain, the control of gene activity, and the
molecular origins of cancer, AIDS, and other diseases."
Society for Developmental
Biology. "The purpose of the Society for Developmental
Biology is to further the study of development in all organisms and at
all levels, to represent and promote communication among students of
development, and to promote the field of developmental biology."
Society for Neuroscience.
"The Society for Neuroscience is a nonprofit membership organization
of basic scientists and physicians who study the brain and nervous
system. Neuroscience includes the study of brain development,
sensation and perception, learning and memory, movement, sleep,
stress, aging and neurological and psychiatric disorders."
Society of Biological Psychiatry.
"The Society of Biological Psychiatry was founded in 1945 to emphasize
the medical and scientific study and treatment of mental disorders.
Its continuing purpose is to foster scientific research and education
and to raise the level of knowledge and comprehension in the field of
psychiatry."
Society of Teachers of
Family Medicine. "STFM is dedicated to improving the
health of all people through education, research, patient care, and
advocacy."
State Departments
of Health. This listing is provided
from The US Food and Drug Administions
State Medical Society of Wisconsin.
Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Administration. "SAMHSA is the Federal agency
charged with improving the quality and availability of prevention,
treatment, and rehabilitative services in order to reduce illness,
death, disability, and cost to society resulting from substance abuse
and mental illnesses."
Surgeon General of the
United States. "The Office is part of the Office of
Public Health and Science, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services."
The Koop Institue.
"The Mission of the C. Everett Koop Institute is to promote the health
and well-being of all people."
United States Food and Drug
Administration.
World Health
Organization.
Search Terms &
Strategies
|
Finding good information in a digital
world involves using strategies to locate items that may be of
interest without generating search results that are
overwhelming. This is true whether searching an electronic
database like a library card catalog, a full-text index of
journal articles, or the Web.
The terms that are used to locate
electronic information can be the difference between a
successful search and frustration. Understanding keywords
and subject headings is important, because each
locates information differently.
Keywords. A significant word
that appears somewhere in the title, subject, abstract, or
elsewhere in the record of a document. Keywords can be used to
search a catalogue, article index, or other type of database
including the Web.
Subject Headings. An agreed
upon word/phrase (also referred to as controlled vocabulary) to
describe and define a concept or thing. Library catalogs,
indexes and electronic databases all make use of controlled
vocabulary to provide consistent access to books, articles and
other material.
Note that subject headings are assigned
by a person and may not actually appear in a document. Because
subject headings are assigned -- a set or "controlled" list is
used so that documents on the same subject are all assigned the
same subject heading. Keywords, by definition, have to be part
of a document. Understanding how these types of search terms
are used is important to understand and develop effective search
strategies.
In general, keyword searches are
effective when doing general Internet searches or when getting
started with an electronic databases. The advantage is that
searchers are free to use their imagination to think of terms
that would logically appear in documents of interest. The main
disadvantage is that many different types of documents may share
the same keyword even though they vary widely in content.
The advantages of subject headings
includes the fact that a person has reviewed the documents and
assigned the same subject heading to those with similar
content. When using subject headings, in many ways, much of the
search has already been completed by a professional information
specialist. The disadvantage, however, is that one needs to
find appropriate keywords, because they are assigned from a
limited list of terms.
One good way to search electronic
databases or Web directories is to start by doing a keyword
search, using words or phrases describing the topic. Next,
Browse through the results and choose two or three relevant
results.
Observe the Subject or Descriptor
field in those relevant records and note the terms used, making
a list of them. Then, redo your search using the subjects or
descriptors identified from other relevant results. This
process will result in a much more precise search than those
from your initial keyword search.
General Internet searches return
results from a search engine's database or index based on the
keywords used. The process is automated and subject headings
are not assigned to each Web page that is indexed. Using
subject headings can still be an appropriate search strategy,
however. You can search the Web using subject headings as
search terms. Sites that are professionally prepared and
research-oriented will probably include subject headings so that
documents can be properly located on the Web. |
Keywords Versus Subject Headings
|
| Keywords |
Subject Headings |
| Natural language words describing
your topic - good to start with
|
Pre-defined "controlled vocabulary"
words used to describe the content of each item (book, journal
article) in a database |
| More flexible to search by - can
combine together in many ways |
Less flexible to search by - need
to know the exact controlled vocabulary term |
| Database looks for keywords
anywhere in the record - not necessarily connected together |
Database looks for subjects only in
the subject heading or descriptor field, where the most relevant
words appear |
| May yield too many or too few
results |
If too many results - also uses
subheadings to focus on one aspect of the broader subject |
| May yield many irrelevant results |
Results usually very relevant to
the topic |
|
Here are the keywords that were used for all the Internet and
database searches that were used to put our Brain
Matters: Substance Abuse Web together. Please check
with the search engine or database you are using to see the
syntax that is required to effectively use these search terms.
Keywords: How the Brain Works
Biology AND Brain
Brain Anatomy
Brain Atlas
Brain Functions
Brain Neuron
Brain Synapse
Cerebellum
Frontal Lobes
Hippocampus
Neocortex
Neurology
Keywords: Brain Development
Brain Anatomy AND Development
Brain Anatomy AND Infancts
Brain Anatomy AND Pre-Teenagers
Brain Anatomy AND Teenagers
Brain AND Adolescents
Brain AND Infants
Brain AND Pre-Teenagers
Brain AND Teenagers
Brain Functions AND Human Development
Human Brain AND Birth
Human Brain Development
Keywords: Alcohol, Substance Abuse and the Brain
Addiction AND Brain
Alcohol AND Brain
Alcoholism AND Brain
Cocaine AND Brain
Drug Abuse AND Brain
Drugs AND Brain
Hallucinogens AND Brain
Heroin AND Brain
Inhalants AND Brain
LSD AND Brain
Marijuana AND Brain
Methamphetamines AND Brain
Nicotine AND Brain
Opiates AND Brain
Steriods AND Brain
Stimulants AND Brain
Substance Abuse AND Brain
|
|
Library of Congress
subject headings (authority
headings for subject) were used to locate information
for our Brain Matters: Substance Abuse Web.
These will be consistent across research libraries and many
databases. Smaller libraries (those using the Dewey Decimal
System) will use Sears Subject Headings. They may
differ slightly, but just ask your friendly reference librarian
if you need help.
Library of Congress Subject Headings: How the Brain Works
Body Image
Brain
Brain Chemistry
Central Nervous System
Cognitive Science
Human Anatomy--Atlases
Memory-Physiological Aspects
Mind And Body
Neuroanatomy
Neurochemistry
Neuroendocrinology
Neurology
Neurophysiology
Neurophysiology
Neuropsychiatry
Neuropsychology
Neuropsychology
Neuropsychopharmacology
Subdivisions Under Brain
Brain--Atlases.
Brain--Research
Brain--Localization Of Functions
Subject Headings for Parts Or Individual Structures Of The
Brain
Cerebellum
Frontal Lobes
Hippocampus
Neocortex
Reticular Formation
Substantia Nigra
Telencephalon
Thalamus
Subject Headings for Activities Of The Brain
Attention
Cognition
Hearing
Learning
Memory
Perception
Sleep
Speech And Language
Vision
Library of Congress Subject Headings: Alcohol, Substance
Abuse and the Brain
Brain Chemistry
Brain Damage
Brain-Damaged Children
Subdivisions Under Brain
Brain--Diseases
Brain--Drug Effects
Brain--Effect of Drugs On
Brain--Effects of Drugs On
More Library of Congress Subject Headings: Alcohol,
Substance Abuse and the Brain
Addicts--Diseases--United States
Alcoholism--Physiological Effect
Alcoholism--Study And Teaching--United States
Alcoholism--Physiological Effect
Alcoholism--Study And Teaching--United States
Psychotropic Drugs
Drugs Of Abuse
Psychopharmacology
Substance Abuse
Drug Abuse
Designer Drugs
Stereoisomers
Ephedrine
Psychotropic Drugs
Substance-Related Disorders
Drug And Narcotic Control
|
